Volvox
Occurrence Volvox is freshwater algae. It makes water green. It appears in the spring. Vegetative structure Volvox forms colony. The colony of volvox is called coenobium (if the colony having fixed number of cells). It is spherical in shape. Each colony has number of cells from 500 to 50,000. The interior of the colony […]
Polypodium
Occurrence Polypodium is a perennial herb. It is found mostly in temperate regions. It has worldwide distribution. Mostly is attached to some rocks. But some forms are epiphytic. General structure The plant body is sporophyte. Plant body is divided into rhizome. leaves and roots. 1. Rhizome: It forms the main stem of the plant. Rhizome […]
Mendel’s law segregation
Mendel’s model for the pea-color example, translated into modern terms, was as follows 1. A hereditary factor called a gene is necessary for producing pea color. 2. Each plant has a pair of this type of gene. 3. The gene comes in two forms called alleles. If the gene is phonetically called a “wye” gene, then the […]
Single Gene Inheritance
The genetic approach to understanding any biological property is to find the subset of genes in the genome that influence that property, a process sometimes referred to as gene discovery. After these genes have been identified, their cellular functions can be elucidated through further research. There are several different types of analytical approaches to gene discovery, but one […]
Mendel’s pioneering work
The first-ever analysis of single-gene inheritance as a pathway to gene discovery was carried out by Gregor Mendel. His is the analysis that we shall follow as an example. Mendel chose the garden pea, Pisum sativum, as his research organism.The choice of organism for any biological research is crucial, and Mendel’s choice proved to be a good one […]
BOTOX—BOTULINUM TOXIN
Botulinum toxin is the most toxic substance known. It is made by the anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium botulinum , and is the cause of botulism, a severe form of food poisoning. It has been proposed as a biowarfare agent but has actually found its most frequent application in cosmetics, under the name Botox . (Perhaps there’s hope […]
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting relies on the unique pattern made by a series of DNA fragments after separating them according to length by gel electrophoresis. DNA samples from different suspects, the victim, and samples from the crime scene are first purified. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA samples into fragments of different lengths. Consequently, the variation in the […]
The Genetic Basis of Identity
DNA technology has many practical uses. Because every individual has a unique DNA sequence, DNA samples can be used for identification. The legal system is now using DNA evidence to determine guilt or innocence. The application of DNA technology began in Britain in the mid-1980s and appeared in America shortly afterward. Today many societies have […]
Germ Warfare Among the Lower Eukaryotes
Paramecium is a well-known ciliated protozoan. Many strains of Paramecium carry symbiotic bacteria ( Caedibacter ), known as kappa particles , that grow and divide inside the larger, eukaryotic, Paramecium cell. Those strains of Paramecium with kappa particles are known as killers. Killing occurs when kappa particles are released by a killer and eaten by […]
Biological warefares
INTRODUCTION Biological warfare involves not only choosing a disease agent and perhaps modifying it genetically, but also manufacturing and storage, weaponization, and delivery. Accusations of using biological warfare or developing biowarfare agents are often made as propaganda ploys in the absence of any real evidence. Suspicious outbreaks of disease have frequently led to accusations of […]