Polypodium
Occurrence Polypodium is a perennial herb. It is found mostly in temperate regions. It has worldwide distribution. Mostly is attached to some rocks. But some forms are epiphytic. General …
Mendel’s law segregation
Mendel’s model for the pea-color example, translated into modern terms, was as follows 1. A hereditary factor called a gene is necessary for producing pea color. 2. Each plant has …
Single Gene Inheritance
The genetic approach to understanding any biological property is to find the subset of genes in the genome that influence that property, a process sometimes referred to as gene discovery. After …
Mendel’s pioneering work
The first-ever analysis of single-gene inheritance as a pathway to gene discovery was carried out by Gregor Mendel. His is the analysis that we shall follow as an example. Mendel chose …
BOTOX—BOTULINUM TOXIN
Botulinum toxin is the most toxic substance known. It is made by the anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium botulinum , and is the cause of botulism, a severe form of food …
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting relies on the unique pattern made by a series of DNA fragments after separating them according to length by gel electrophoresis. DNA samples from different suspects, the …
The Genetic Basis of Identity
DNA technology has many practical uses. Because every individual has a unique DNA sequence, DNA samples can be used for identification. The legal system is now using DNA evidence …
Germ Warfare Among the Lower Eukaryotes
Paramecium is a well-known ciliated protozoan. Many strains of Paramecium carry symbiotic bacteria ( Caedibacter ), known as kappa particles , that grow and divide inside the larger, eukaryotic, …
Biological warefares
INTRODUCTION Biological warfare involves not only choosing a disease agent and perhaps modifying it genetically, but also manufacturing and storage, weaponization, and delivery. Accusations of using biological warfare or …
Trangenic Insects
Several insects can now be genetically modified. The fruit fly Drosophila has been investigated at the molecular level for a long time and, not surprisingly, methods exist for …